* [Blog](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog) * [Palo Alto Networks](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/corporate/) * [未分类](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/category/%e6%9c%aa%e5%88%86%e7%b1%bb/?lang=zh-hant) * 所有层并非平等创建... # 所有层并非平等创建 [](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fblog%2F2019%2F08%2Fnetwork-layers-not-created-equal%2F%3Flang%3Dzh-hans) [](https://twitter.com/share?text=%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%B1%82%E5%B9%B6%E9%9D%9E%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fblog%2F2019%2F08%2Fnetwork-layers-not-created-equal%2F%3Flang%3Dzh-hans) [](https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.paloaltonetworks.com%2Fblog%2F2019%2F08%2Fnetwork-layers-not-created-equal%2F%3Flang%3Dzh-hans&title=%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%B1%82%E5%B9%B6%E9%9D%9E%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA&summary=&source=) [](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2019/08/network-layers-not-created-equal/?lang=zh-hans&ts=markdown) [](mailto:?subject=所有层并非平等创建) Link copied By [John Kindervag](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/author/john-kindervag/?lang=zh-hans&ts=markdown "Posts by John Kindervag") Aug 19, 2019 1 minutes [未分类](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/category/%e6%9c%aa%e5%88%86%e7%b1%bb/?lang=zh-hant&ts=markdown) This post is also available in: [English (英语)](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2019/05/network-layers-not-created-equal/ "切换到 英语(English)") [繁體中文 (繁体中文)](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2019/08/network-layers-not-created-equal/?lang=zh-hant "切换到 繁体中文(繁體中文)") [日本語 (日语)](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2019/07/network-layers-not-created-equal/?lang=ja "切换到 日语(日本語)") [한국어 (韩语)](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2019/08/network-layers-not-created-equal/?lang=ko "切换到 韩语(한국어)") [Português (葡萄牙语（巴西）)](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2019/08/network-layers-not-created-equal/?lang=pt-br "切换到 葡萄牙语（巴西）(Português)") ### ***新闻界的原则如何帮助定义零信任策略*** 众所周知，不论是新闻文章、博客帖子还是白皮书，要具有可信度，作者需要叙述主题的"何人、何事、何地、何时、为何与如何"。如果没有涵盖这些内容，读者就只能看到一部分的故事。拉迪亚德·吉卜林清楚地定义了这些新闻要素： *我有六名忠实的仆人* *（我所知道的都是他们教的）；* *他们的名字是：何事、为何、何时* *如何、何地与何人。* \------拉迪亚德·吉卜林，《原来如此的故事》，1902 年 而这种"吉卜林方法"的用途已经延伸到了新闻的最佳实践之外。多年以来，我使用吉卜林方法帮助企业定义策略，并构建零信任网络。这能够确保安全团队获得明确的定义，并且所有人（包括非技术的业务主管）能够通过这种简单的方法理解网络安全策略。 **第** **3** **层策略与第** **7** **层策略** 为了实际地应用吉卜林方法，并构建真正的零信任架构，您需要了解为何不能通过第 3 层技术实现这一点。 首先，第 3 层与第 7 层之间存在什么区别？第 3 层仅根据 IP 地址、端口或协议评估信息。由于缺乏能够查看的信息，因此严重受限。IP 地址可以伪装。简单的端口扫描就能发现所有的开放端口，这样攻击者能够封装窃取的数据，并通过这些开放的端口泄露。协议只是一种元数据标记，用于帮助管理员了解本应遍历特定端口的流量类型。最重要的是，所有的攻击者都知道如何规避第 3 层控制。您需要使用更高的精准度进行定义，从而保证企业的安全。 相比之下，第 7 层更加具体。在这里，根据实际使用的应用评估信息（例如，将 Facebook 定义为唯一的应用，而不是通过端口 80 和 443 的流量）。在 Forrester 时，我创造了构建零信任网络的五步法。在第四步提出，需要根据数据、与数据交互的用户或应用的预期行为编写分段网关的策略规则。作为零信任环境中的[分段网关](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2019/01/you-want-network-segmentation-but-you-need-zero-trust/)，Palo Alto Networks 新一代防火墙能够帮助您实现这些，鉴于策略的细粒度要求，只能在第 7 层实现这一点。 ![](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Old-Layer-3.png) **利用** **Palo Alto Networks** **新一代防火墙实现吉卜林方法** 以下展示了如何应用吉卜林方法部署 Palo Alto Networks 新一代防火墙，同时使用我们创新性的 User-ID、App-ID 和 Content-ID 技术： * User-ID 代表**何人** 声明："**何人**正在访问资源？" User-ID 是源 IP 地址给出的近似值的第 7 层实例化。例如，我们能够从 Active Directory 中获取 OU，从而将域用户拉取到自定义 User-ID 中。然后，我们可以从 GlobalProtect 客户端添加诸如多重身份验证 (MFA) 或主机信息配置文件 (HIP) 之类的内容，以增强"何人"声明的准确性。我们还可以将 MFA 添加到 User-ID 和附加属性中，从而提供更加精细的控制。 * App-ID 代表**何事** 声明："使用**什么**应用访问资源？" Palo Alto Networks 目前有 2800 多个已发布的 App-ID（请访问 [Applipedia](https://applipedia.paloaltonetworks.com/) 查看不断丰富的列表），用于构建这些规则。这意味着攻击者无法再使用像 Web 服务 (HTTP/HTTPS) 一样的常规应用规避安全控制。 * Content-ID 代表**如何** 声明："应**如何**允许 User-ID 和 App-ID 流量访问资源？" Content-ID 中包含 Threat Prevention 规则，这是我们的高级入侵防护功能；通过 SSL 解密使恶意流量和被窃取的数据无法藏匿于加密隧道中；通过 URL Filtering 避免用户访问恶意域或网络钓鱼域；WildFire 是我们最先进的沙盒技术，该技术重新定义了阻止恶意软件的方法；我们全新的 DNS Security 服务为自动保护应用了预测分析，从而阻止使用 DNS 的攻击。 通过这三种定义了**何人** 、**何事** 以及**如何** 声明的技术，可以轻松地定义基本的吉卜林方法第 7 层规则，并使用我们的 Panorama 管理系统实施。此外，PAN-OS 能够添加**何时** 声明（描述时间的规则）；**何地** 声明（与资源位置有关，通常由 Panorama 通过 API 自动获取）；或**为何**声明（方法是从数据分类工具中读取元数据并用于规则中）。 ![](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Screen-Shot-2019-05-01-at-10.19.06-AM.png) 吉卜林方法通过拉迪亚德·吉卜林提供的"何人"、"何事"、"何时"、"何地"、"为何"以及"如何"这种简单的方法，帮助业务领导者和安全管理员定义精细的第 7 层策略。从未考虑过编写防火墙策略的人也很容易理解这种方法，并通过定义必要的条件来为分段网关创建规则集。 *** ** * ** *** ## Related Blogs ### [未分类](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/category/%e6%9c%aa%e5%88%86%e7%b1%bb/?lang=zh-hant&ts=markdown) [#### AI代理已經來臨，威脅也隨之而來](https://www2.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/2025/05/ai-agents-threats/?lang=zh-hant) ### [未分类](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/category/%e6%9c%aa%e5%88%86%e7%b1%bb/?lang=zh-hant&ts=markdown) [#### Strata Copilot - 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